Laurenz> I use xemacs in the Fedora 3 distribution. I use vm for Laurenz> e-mail (vm-mail for sending e-mail). Now I send an Laurenz> e-mail with special characters in it, like the following: This is a VM configuration issue; there's nothing we can do at this stage. As you point out, Gnus's message-mode handles your application. My guess is that VM comes configured to assume ISO 8859-1 out of the box, but you're using Unicode UTF-8 in some strange way. VM looks at the high-bit-set characters, figures things are OK (it can't read German), and sends them off. -- Institute of Policy and Planning Sciences http://turnbull.sk.tsukuba.ac.jp University of Tsukuba Tennodai 1-1-1 Tsukuba 305-8573 JAPAN Ask not how you can "do" free software business; ask what your business can "do for" free software.